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  The issues raised in "Open Letter" are the lack of civil rights for the black community, for these people were not getting the same treatments as the white folks. The author uses explicit examples like when he talks about America's army helping Cuba when the country could not even help its own people. He also talks about the massacre where a lot of black people were being butchered like dogs by committing the crime of being black. The executive and the legislative power branches could have done so much for these people like give them equality, for example they could have passed laws that gives them the same rights not matter race, color, or sex. 

The Radicals

     The radicals were a groups formed by few Republicans. They were Anti-slavery, they opposed any rules or codes set to affect the freedmen. The Radical Republicans argued plenty of times against the republicans because they could not agree on anything that issued the black community. They argued in favor of the freedmen, for they helped to take out the Black Codes after the XIII amendment was ratified; nevertheless, there were more issues added to the problem. However,slavery was abolished, and the black men got to have their rights as citizens.

presentation

As Radical Republicans of the United States of America , we want to keep unity within our nation by protecting the rights of freed slaves ; they hold the right of to practice , "life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness" and we want to grant justice for the free men woo been deprived of the their rights by nationalizing civil rights. As radical republicans, we came upon obstacles of the reconstruction of the south. For example, the ten percent plan, which provided full pardon for the southerners, but only 10 percent of the population in each state who took an oath to set up a loyal government. We opposed the 10 percent plan, so pushed congress's Wade Davis bill it required 50 percent of the voter to take the oath which passed in 1864; however, Lincoln vetoed the bill. After Johnson was made president because of Lincoln assassination, he ratified the XIII amendment, abolished slavery; consequently, he made the Black Codes, which was a set of rules for the freedmen. These sets of code were restrictions, for the freedmen were not granted full freedom, for example the Grand Father Clause, which denied citizenship to the people whose grandfather had been a slave. Meanwhile, President Johnson vetoed two bills; the first bill extended the life of an agency, The Freedmen Bureau (1865), which aided former slaves; the second bill, the civil rights act, which nullified the black codes, but soon after, the congress passed the civil rights over the president’s veto. Consequently, the Republican majority passed the most important amendment, the XIV amendment, which guaranteed equal human rights to all people. In 1867-1868, the Congress created Radical Reconstruction, series of acts that reorganized the south, for reconstruction. In 1868-1870 a southern treat surged, the Ku Klux Klan and other regimens, this organizations tormented the black community; therefore, the congress and we, the republican party, came up with the Force Acts, for we saw the suffrage of the black. These acts were created to help enforce the XV amendment, it allow the army to act against the klan and help protect the voting black. Short after, the Jim Crow laws took over the black voting community, these laws informally addressed that they either voted democratic or don't vote at all. Equality was not given for a long period. Even when slavery was abolished, the fourteenth amendment was written, and when the force acts were created, the blacks were still not free. They prayed freedom, but denigrating these people because of their skin color, making them use something of less quality that a white person would have never thought of using, that is not equality.   

Owl Creek group TEA

Bierce's story shows the mental division between the north and the south, and the sacrifices a civilian was willing to give up, for the benefits of his family, and the southerners. Farquhar believed "No service was too humble for him to perform in aid of the south." But when he is about to face death he focuses his lasts moments and thoughts on his family. The story depicts a man, Farquhar, facing death, and right when he is about to be hung he stop thinking of what was his prior thoughts, "WAR" to then think and dream about his personal matters; such as family, wife and kids.

Pablo Baltazar
Rosa Alcaraz
Nancy Huerta
Reymond Montano

The Occurence at Owl Creek

Analyzing scene three, I noticed that the author wrote this scene so we the readers could feel like we are  in the story, also he wrote it so it gives you the idea of what goes through his mind while Farquhar is being hung. The purpose of this scene is to depict the change of mind of a civilian facing true death, for example Farquhar had his mind set on war and how he was going to help the southerners by burning down the bridge, but when he is about to be hung his state of mind changed completely, he started dreaming about his family. He had a whole adventure, the rope broke, he swam along the stream while being being shot at, he walked tirelessly until he arrived home to his wife, where she was waiting for him, the author describes her beautifully, there she was coming to her husband in white flowing garments, but as soon as she put her hands around his neck he feels a stunning pain, it was the rope that had been pulled, and he was death. This scene helps the meaning of the story by explaining in a very detailed way how Farquhar changes his priority from one second to another, when he was thinking of the wellness of the southerners, he quickly starts thinking of his family and his personal matters.

Definition of Amendments

Amendment XIII according:
Section 1
   This amendment means that there shall not be slavery in the US nor make someone work for free, unless if it is going to be used as a way of punishment then it is alright.
Section 2
    The congress has the power to decide whether to apply this article in trials but with accordance with the law.
Amendment XIV according:
Section 1
   Each individual has two citizenships, US citizenship and the state where they live in. No individual can be deprived from their rights.
Section 2
   Any male 21 and over has the right to vote and they can not be taken such right away unless if a crime was committed.
Section 3
    No body can be involved in the politics unless they had sworn to the US, and or have committed a crime against such country, and this can only be removed if the congress votes for it.
Section 4
    The US is not gonna be involved in any public debts, meaning they are not gonna mind your business, but only if such debt was not to affect the country, and no debt will be illegal nor void.
section 5
    The Government will have the power to impose this conditions.
Amendment XV according:
Section 1
    No body can take away the right to vote from anyone only because of being different race, color nor for being poor or rich.
Section 2
     The government has the power to follow this article by law.

Divine, T.H. Breen,. et al. America Past and Present, volume 2: since 1865
brief 8th edition. p. cm.

Journal 1

Well I last took a history class when I was in high school it was not the most pleasant experience because I am really bad when it come to remembering dates, yet I found History a little fascinating.  After rough times, The US started being reconstructed by the political community, and though the US was fought to be together, it was separate somehow, the Southerners and the Northerners. In 1862 there was the proclamation of amnesty, then the 13th amendment was ratified, The president was assassinated, and Johnson took over the presidency. The black community was supposed to be given freedom, yet their rights were not rights at all. Then the right to vote was granted to the freedmen.